HISTORY & TIMELINE
8 January

A journey through
8 January in history

The eighth day of the year has seen Andrew Jackson win the Battle of New Orleans, Herman Hollerith patent the punched-card machine, Britain begin rationing food and a Russian doctor set off on the longest stay in space. This timeline follows 8 January from 1815 to the 1990s.

JUMP THROUGH TIME
IV
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The 1800s

Industry, empire, invention, reform and a century of enormous transformation.

1815
The Battle of New Orleans at Chalmette, painted by Jean-Hyacinthe Laclotte.The Battle of New Orleans at Chalmette, painted by Jean-Hyacinthe Laclotte.Image: Jean Hyacinthe de Laclotte (1766 - 1829) · Public domain
world · Americas

Jackson wins the Battle of New Orleans

On 8 January 1815 a British army of about 8,000 men attacked the earthworks thrown up by Andrew Jackson’s mixed force of soldiers, militia, free Black volunteers and pirates below New Orleans. The British lost more than 2,000 men, among them their commander, Sir Edward Pakenham; the Americans lost a few dozen. Neither side knew that a peace treaty had already been signed at Ghent. The victory made Jackson a national hero.

Source: American Battlefield Trust: New Orleans ↗
1889
A Hollerith census tabulator, the kind of machine used to count the 1900 US census.A Hollerith census tabulator, the kind of machine used to count the 1900 US census.Image: Erik Pitti from San Diego, CA, USA · CC BY 2.0
science · Americas

Hollerith patents the punched-card machine

The 1880 US census had taken most of a decade to count by hand. Herman Hollerith, a young engineer who had worked at the Census Office, devised a faster way: each person’s answers were punched as holes in a card, and a machine read the holes electrically and moved the dials of counters. His system was patented on 8 January 1889 and chosen to tabulate the 1890 census, which it did in a fraction of the time. The company Hollerith founded to sell his machines later became part of IBM, and punched cards carried the world’s data for most of the next century.

Source: United States Census Bureau: the Hollerith machine ↗
V
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The 1900s

War and peace, technological leaps, social change, politics, sport and popular culture.

1912
A South African Native National Congress delegation to London in 1914, including John Dube (centre) and Sol Plaatje (right).A South African Native National Congress delegation to London in 1914, including John Dube (centre) and Sol Plaatje (right).Image: Unknown photographer · Public domain
politics · Africa

The African National Congress is founded

The Union of South Africa, formed in 1910, gave the vote almost only to white men and was preparing laws to take land from Black South Africans. On 8 January 1912 chiefs, clergy, teachers, lawyers and journalists from across the country gathered in Bloemfontein and founded the South African Native National Congress to defend their rights. Its first president was John Dube, a teacher and minister; the lawyer Pixley ka Isaka Seme had called the meeting. Renamed the African National Congress in 1923, it led the long struggle against apartheid and, under Nelson Mandela, won South Africa’s first democratic election in 1994.

Source: South African History Online: the formation of the SANNC/ANC ↗
1918
President Woodrow Wilson addressing a joint session of Congress in 1917.President Woodrow Wilson addressing a joint session of Congress in 1917.Image: Miscellaneous Items in High Demand, PPOC, Library of Congress · Public domain
politics · Americas

Wilson sets out his Fourteen Points

The First World War was in its fourth winter, and Russia’s new Bolshevik government was publishing the Allies’ secret treaties. On 8 January 1918 President Woodrow Wilson told Congress what the United States was fighting for, in fourteen points. He called for open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, fewer arms, a fair settlement of colonial claims, borders drawn along lines of nationality and a general association of nations to guarantee peace. The points became the basis of the armistice that November, and the last of them led to the League of Nations.

Source: National Archives: President Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points (1918) ↗
1926
King Abdulaziz ibn Saud, founder of Saudi Arabia, in an official portrait.King Abdulaziz ibn Saud, founder of Saudi Arabia, in an official portrait.Image: Saudi Press Agency · Public domain
politics · Asia

Ibn Saud is proclaimed King of the Hejaz

Abdulaziz ibn Saud had begun in 1902 by recapturing Riyadh, his family’s old capital, with a few dozen men. Over the next two decades he conquered most of central Arabia, and in 1924-25 his forces took the holy cities of Mecca and Medina and the port of Jeddah from the Hashemite rulers of the Hejaz. On 8 January 1926 he was proclaimed King of the Hejaz at the Great Mosque in Mecca, ruling it alongside his home region of Najd. In 1932 he joined the two into a single state, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Oil was found there six years later.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Ibn Saud ↗
1940
A British ration book and clothing coupon book issued to civilians during the Second World War.A British ration book and clothing coupon book issued to civilians during the Second World War.Image: Ministry of Information Photo Division Photographer · Public domain
world · Europe

Britain begins rationing food

Four months into the Second World War, with German submarines attacking the ships that brought much of its food, Britain began rationing on 8 January 1940. Every man, woman and child had a ration book, and at first each adult could buy 4 ounces of bacon or ham, 4 ounces of butter and 12 ounces of sugar a week. Meat, tea, cheese and much else followed, and rationing did not end completely until 1954.

Source: Imperial War Museums: rationing in the Second World War ↗
1959
politics · Europe

De Gaulle becomes president of the Fifth Republic

In May 1958 the war in Algeria brought France to the edge of a military coup, and parliament turned to Charles de Gaulle, the leader of the Free French in the Second World War. He demanded a new constitution with a strong president, and the French approved it in a referendum that September. Elected in December, de Gaulle took office on 8 January 1959 as the first president of the Fifth Republic. He ended the Algerian war with independence for Algeria in 1962, pursued a foreign policy independent of the United States and stayed in office until 1969. His constitution still governs France.

Source: Élysée (French presidency): the inauguration of Charles de Gaulle ↗
1994
Valeri Polyakov looks out of a window of the Mir space station as the space shuttle Discovery approaches, February 1995.Valeri Polyakov looks out of a window of the Mir space station as the space shuttle Discovery approaches, February 1995.Image: NASA · Public domain
science · Europe

A doctor sets off for 437 days in space

On 8 January 1994 the Russian physician and cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov was launched on Soyuz TM-18 to the Mir space station. He had come to study what a very long stay in weightlessness would do to the human body and mind, with a journey to Mars in view. He stayed aboard for more than fourteen months, landing on 22 March 1995 after 437 days in space. It is still the longest single spaceflight ever made, longer than the time a crew would need to reach Mars.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Valery Polyakov ↗
WHY THESE MOMENTS?

Significance before volume

This page is not the longest possible list of events. It is a chronological journey through 8 January, where each entry is chosen for historical significance, human interest and reliability.

Facts are checked against authoritative museums, archives, universities and reference works. Where sources disagree, the page says so.

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